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Surface Mining Techniques Strip mining offers the advantages of high productivity from both human and capital resources as well as high rates of production Experience suggests that it will be advantageous to extend strip mining to the maximum pos sible depth in order to minimize costs and maximize the recovery of the in situ coal reserves
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Appendix E Coal Mining and Processing Methods Coal 2024 12 6 In surface mining the ground covering the coal seam the overburden is first removed to expose the coal seam for extraction The elements of a surface mining operation are 1 topsoil removal and storage for later use 2 drilling Contact
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Surface mining methods can be categorized into two broad groups based on the method of extraction Mechanical Extraction Methods Aqueous Extraction Methods Mechanical extraction methods employ mechanical processes in a relatively dry environment to mine minerals from the Earth s crust
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Techniques of surface mining include open pit mining which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground quarrying identical to open pit mining except that it refers to sand stone and clay Strip mining consisting of stripping off surface layers to reveal ore / seams below and mountaintop removal commonly associated with coal mining involving removing the top of a
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1 Contour Mining Contour Mining is most commonly used in areas that have steep or rolling terrain It involves digging the earth above the coal line or coal seam along the contours of the hilly terrain This method can be dangerous because it may cause landslides and erosion problems 2 Strip Mining Strip Mining usually occurs on flat
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When coal seams are near the surface it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut also referred to as open cast open pit mountaintop removal or strip mining methods Opencast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited This equipment can include the following Draglines which
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Topic 5 Mining Methods Part I Surface mining Nov 2 Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio Large land area can be involved especially for coal and bauxite Strip mining Example Stripping ratio Wikipedia In mining stripping ratio or strip ratio refers to the ratio of the volume of overburden or waste material required to be handled in order to extract some tonnage of quarterly
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The most common underground techniques were room and pillar and long wall mining These were traditional techniques that had been used in Europe before the development of mines in North America Today surface mining is more common and safer method of accessing coal that is close to the surface and is not impeded by mountains
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One of these surface mining techniques — mountaintop removal mining — is so harmful that one wouldn t expect it to be utilized in the 21st century anywhere at all Alas this method of
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surface coal mining generally involves the following sequence of unit operations 1 clearing the land of trees and vegetation 2 removing and storing the top layers of the unconsolidated soil topsoil 3 drilling the hard strata over the coal seam 4 fragmenting or blasting the hard strata with explosives 5 removing the blasted …
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The techniques followed in surface mining include open pit mining strip mining and mountaintop removal While open pit mining involves extraction of coal from an open pit in the ground strip mining includes stripping surface layers to reach coal deposits
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As the easy coal is mined out mine operators need to become more skillful at mining thin steep deep and undulating seams productively and without sacrificing coal quality Orica has developed significant expertise in using unconventional techniques for through seam and deep seam blasting and coal edge protection using our own specialist
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The geological characteristics of surface coal mining which distinguish it from other surface mining are the nature of formation and its relatively low value which often require surface coal mines to move large volumes of overburden over a large area it has a high stripping ratio As a
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Surface Coal The purpose of this course is to teach the concepts that underpin efficient and effective mine planning for open cut coal mines From the fundamentals of open pit mining to economic and operational analysis this course will provide tools and techniques to support effective medium to long term decision making based on managing
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The small scale techniques were unsuited to the increasing demand with extraction moving away from surface extraction to deep shaft mining as the Industrial Revolution progressed [11] The large scale exploitation of coal was an important moving force behind the Industrial Revolution
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Federal Resources Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement OSMRE Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act SMCRA and related laws regulations and guidance US Army Corps of Engineers Directorate of Civil Works Regulatory Program and Permits All federal resources
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Surface Coal Mining Methods In Australia Intechopen 2018925Mining Methods 6 Fig 3 Overall mining sequence of a typical surface coal mine in Australia after Westcott et al 2024 Dragline method Dragline is the predominant mach ine which is used to remove the overburden and expose the coal when the deposit s characteristics match the draglines physical capabilities
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A prominent mine in Iquique Chile also started using continuous surface mining methods in 2024 The mine had a goal of taking a broader approach and evaluating the benefits of continuous surface
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Surface Mining Methods Surface mining is a mining method used to extract minerals that are close to the earth s surface Mining methods for surface mining include Strip mining Strip mining removes thin layers of surface material in order to reach the mineral The layer above the mineral is called overburden and it typically consists of soil and rocks This surface mining technique is
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In broad a generalization coal mining techniques can be broken down into two categories surface mining and underground mining the first involving techniques that stay above ground and the latter using tunneling Although environmental implications may vary slightly between the two methods of coal extraction there are a number of issues that are the result of both surface Get Access
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Bord and Pillar method The Bord and Pillar method of mining coal seam involve the driving of a series of narrow heading in the seams parallel to each other
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The major problems of surface mining in the Appalachian region stem from geologic conditions and the steepness of slope The innovations in surface mining methods include controlled placement techniques including haulback flat top or mountaintop removal methods and longwall stripping
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Large scale mechanised mining methods we use include long wall mining where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice usually by a large machine sub level caving where levels of the ore are blasted by explosives and block caving where large areas of the ore body are blasted and then extracted with the assistance of gravity
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Learn more about surface mining techniques used in the oil sands Surface mining is defined as the extraction of ore from an open pit or burrow Surface mining is sometimes known as open pit open cut or open cast mining and is only commercially viable if the deposit is located relative close to the surface Less than 20% of Alberta s bitumen reserves are close enough to the surface to be
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Surface Mining Surface mining methods include area contour mountaintop removal and auger Area mines are surface mines that remove shallow coal over a broad area of fairly flat land Huge dragline shovels remove rocks overlying the coal called overburden After the coal has been removed the rock is placed back into the pit
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On a long wall face the shot holes are drilled at an angle of 45° to 60° to the face a coal face m high requires 3 rows of shot holes and distance of holes in the same in the same row should be nearly m Powder factor with solid blasting is to te of coal per kg of explosive and to te of coal per detonator
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In this method large batch of area of coal seam approximately 100 to 300m wide and 1000 to 3000m long gets available This area of mineral deposit is then taken using manual or semi mechanized machines in batches The area is drilled blasted and broken coal is transported via a conveyor Short Wall
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In manual or semimechanized operations the coal is undercut along the width of the panel to the depth of the intended slice It is then drilled and blasted and the broken coal is loaded onto a conveyor at the face The sequence of operations continues with support of the roof at the face and shifting of the conveyor forward
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Selective mining Avoidance of blasting Cutting crushing and loading in a single operation Maximum exploitation of deposits Reduced transport costs Wirtgen supplies surface miners in a variety
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UNESCO EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol II Surface Mining Methods and Equipment J Yamatomi and S Okubo ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS Figure 2 Change in production and productivity of US coal mines The higher productivity for open pit mining equipment also lowers costs
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